Difference between revisions of "Linux-Commands"

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===System Commands ===
 
===System Commands ===
  
     $ uname –a => Display linux system information  
+
     '''$ uname –a''' - display linux system information  
     $ uname –r => Display kernel release information  
+
     '''$ uname –r''' - display kernel release information  
     $ uptime => Show how long system running + load  
+
     '''$ uptime''' - show how long system running + load  
     $ hostname => Show system host name  
+
     '''$ hostname''' - show system host name  
     $ hostname -i => Display the IP address of the host  
+
     '''$ hostname -i''' - display the IP address of the host  
     $ last reboot => Show system reboot history  
+
     '''$ last reboot''' - show system reboot history  
     $ date => Show the current date and time  
+
     '''$ date''' - show the current date and time  
     $ cal => Show this month calendar  
+
     '''$ cal''' - show this month calendar  
     $ w => Display who is online
+
     '''$ w''' - display who is online
     $ whoami => Who you are logged in as  
+
     '''$ whoami''' - who you are logged in as  
     $ finger user => Display information about user
+
     '''$ finger user''' - display information about user
  
 
===Hardware related===
 
===Hardware related===
  
     $ dmesg - detected hardware and boot messages  
+
     '''$ dmesg''' - detected hardware and boot messages  
     $ cat /proc/cpuinfo - CPU model  
+
     '''$ cat /proc/cpuinfo''' - CPU model  
     $ cat /proc/meminfo - hardware memory  
+
     '''$ cat /proc/meminfo''' - hardware memory  
     $ cat /proc/interrupts - lists the number of interrupts per CPU per I/O device  
+
     '''$ cat /proc/interrupts''' - lists the number of interrupts per CPU per I/O device  
     $ lshw - displays information on hardware configuration of the system  
+
     '''$ lshw''' - displays information on hardware configuration of the system  
     $ lsblk - displays block device related information in Linux  
+
     '''$ lsblk''' - displays block device related information in Linux  
     $ free -m - used and free memory (-m for MB)
+
     '''$ free -m''' - used and free memory (-m for MB)
     $ lspci -tv - show PCI devices  
+
     '''$ lspci -tv''' - show PCI devices  
     $ lsusb -tv - show USB devices  
+
     '''$ lsusb -tv''' - show USB devices  
     $ lshal - show a list of all devices with their properties  
+
     '''$ lshal''' - show a list of all devices with their properties  
     $ dmidecode - show hardware info from the BIOS
+
     '''$ dmidecode''' - show hardware info from the BIOS
     $ hdparm -i /dev/sda -show info about disk sda  
+
     '''$ hdparm -i /dev/sda''' -show info about disk sda  
     $ hdparm -tT /dev/sda - do a read speed test on disk sda  
+
     '''$ hdparm -tT /dev/sda''' - do a read speed test on disk sda  
     $ badblocks -s /dev/sda - test for unreadable blocks on disk sda
+
     '''$ badblocks -s /dev/sda''' - test for unreadable blocks on disk sda
  
 
===Statistics and Analyze===
 
===Statistics and Analyze===
 +
 +
    '''$ top''' - display and update the top cpu processes
 +
    '''$ mpstat 1''' - display processors related statistics
 +
    '''$ vmstat 2''' - display virtual memory statistics
 +
    '''$ iostat 2''' - display I/O statistics (2sec Intervals)
 +
    '''$ tail -n 500 /var/log/syslog''' - last 10 kernel/syslog messages
 +
    '''$ tcpdump -i eth1''' - capture all packets flows on interface eth1
 +
    '''$ tcpdump -i eth0 'port 80'''' - monitor all traffic on port 80 ( HTTP )
 +
    '''$ lsof''' - list all open files belonging to all active processes
 +
    '''$ lsof -u testuser''' - list files opened by specific user
 +
    '''$ free –m''' - show amount of RAM
 +
    '''$ watch df –h''' - watch changeable data continuously
  
 
===Users===
 
===Users===
 +
 +
    '''$ id''' - show the active user id with login and group
 +
    '''$ last''' - show last logins on the system
 +
    '''$ who''' - show who is logged on the system
 +
    '''$ groupadd admin''' - add group "admin" (force add existing group)
 +
    '''$ useradd -c "Joe Smith" -g admin -m joe''' - Create user "joe" and add to group "admin"
 +
    '''$ userdel joe''' - delete user joe (force,file removal)
 +
    '''$ adduser joe''' - add user "joe"
 +
    '''$ usermod''' - modify user information
  
 
===File Commands===
 
===File Commands===
 +
 +
    '''$ ls –al''' - display all information about files / directories
 +
    '''$ ls -alR''' - display all information about files / directories recursively
 +
    '''$ pwd''' - show current directory path
 +
    '''$ mkdir directory-name''' - create a directory
 +
    '''$ rm file-name''' - delete file
 +
    '''$ rm -r directory-name''' - delete directory recursively
 +
    '''$ rm -f file-name''' - forcefully remove file
 +
    '''$ rm -rf directory-name''' - forcefully remove directory recursively
 +
    '''$ cp file1 file2''' - copy file1 to file2
 +
    '''$ cp -r dir1 dir2''' - copy dir1 to dir2, create dir2 if it doesn’t exist
 +
    '''$ mv file1 file2''' - move files from one place to another
 +
    '''$ ln –s /path/to/file-name link-name''' - create symbolic link to file-name
 +
    '''$ touch file''' - create or update file
 +
    '''$ cat > file''' - place standard input into file
 +
    '''$ more file''' - output the contents of file
 +
    '''$ head file''' - output the first 10 lines of file
 +
    '''$ tail file''' - output the last 10 lines of file
 +
    '''$ tail -f file''' - output the contents of file as it grows starting with the last 10 lines
 +
    '''$ gpg -c file''' - encrypt file
 +
    '''$ gpg file.gpg''' - decrypt file
  
 
===Process Related===
 
===Process Related===
 +
 +
    '''$ ps''' - display your currently active processes
 +
    '''$ ps aux | grep 'telnet'''' - find all process id related to telnet process
 +
    '''$ pmap''' - memory map of process
 +
    '''$ top''' - display all running processes
 +
    '''$ kill pid''' - kill process with mentioned pid id
 +
    '''$ killall proc''' - kill all processes named proc
 +
    '''$ pkill processname''' - send signal to a process with its name
 +
    '''$ bg''' - resumes suspended jobs without bringing them to foreground
 +
    '''$ fg''' - brings the most recent job to foreground
 +
    '''$ fg n''' - brings job n to the foreground
  
 
===File Permission Related===
 
===File Permission Related===
 +
 +
    '''$ chmod octal file-name''' - change the permissions of file to octal , which can be found separately for user, group and world; octal value 4 -read 2 –write 1 –execute
 +
    '''$ chown owner-user file''' - change owner of the file
 +
    '''$ chown owner-user:owner-group file-name''' - change owner and group owner of the file
 +
    '''$ chown owner-user:owner-group directory''' - change owner and group owner of the directory
  
 
===Network===
 
===Network===
 +
 +
    '''$ ifconfig –a''' - display all network ports and ip address
 +
    '''$ ifconfig eth1 mtu 9000 up''' - set mtu to 9000
 +
    '''$ ifconfig eth0''' - display specific ethernet port ip address and details
 +
    '''$ ifconfig -a | grep HWaddr''' - display MAC address
 +
 +
    change MAC address:
 +
    # ifconfig eth0 down
 +
    # ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:80:48:BA:d1:30
 +
    # ifconfig eth0 up
 +
 +
    '''$ ip addr show''' - display all network interfaces and ip address (available in iproute2 package,powerful than ifconfig)
 +
    '''$ ip address add 192.168.0.1 dev eth0''' - set ip address
 +
    '''$ ethtool eth0''' - linux tool to show ethernet status (set full duplex , pause parameter)
 +
    '''$ mii-tool eth0''' - linux tool to show ethernet status (more or like ethtool)
 +
    '''$ ping host''' - send echo request to test connection (learn sing enhanced ping tool)
 +
    '''$ whois domain''' - get who is information for domain
 +
    '''$ dig domain''' - get DNS information for domain (screenshots with other available parameters)
 +
    '''$ dig -x host''' - reverse lookup host
 +
    '''$ host google.com''' - lookup DNS ip address for the name
 +
    '''$ hostname –i''' - lookup local ip address (set hostname too)
 +
    '''$ wget file''' - download file (very useful other option)
 +
    '''$ netstat -tupl''' - listing all active listening ports(tcp,udp,pid)
 +
 +
    WiFi related:
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 essid "mynetworkESSID"''' - specify ESSID for the WLAN
 +
    '''$ dhclient wlan0''' - to receive an IP address, netmask, DNS server and default gateway from the Access Point
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 mode managed key [WEP key]''' - 128 bit WEP use 26 hex characters, 64 bit WEP uses 10
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 mode master''' - set the card to act as an access point mode
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 mode managed''' - set card to client mode on a network with an access point
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 mode ad-hoc''' - set card to peer to peer networking or no access point mode
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 mode monitor''' - set card to RFMON mode
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 essid any''' - with some cards you may  disable the ESSID checking
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 key 1111-1111-1111-1111''' - set 128 bit WEP key
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 key off''' - disable WEP key
 +
    '''$ iwconfig wlan0 key open''' - sets open mode, no authentication is used and card may accept non-encrypted sessions
 +
    '''$ iwlist wlan0 scan''' - give the list of Access Points and Ad-Hoc cells in range (ESSID, Quality, Frequency, Mode etc.)
 +
    '''$ iwlist wlan0 power''' - list the various Power Management attributes and modes of the device
 +
    '''$ iwlist wlan0 txpower''' - list the various Transmit Power available on the device
 +
    '''$ iwlist wlan0 retry''' - list the transmit retry limits and retry lifetime on the device
  
 
===Compression / Archives===
 
===Compression / Archives===
 +
 +
    '''$ tar cf test.tar test''' - create tar named test.tar containing test/
 +
    '''$ tar xf test.tar''' - extract the files from test.tar
 +
    '''$ tar czf test.tar.gz test''' - create a tar with gzip compression
 +
    '''$ gzip test''' - compress file and renames it to test.gz
  
 
===Install Package===
 
===Install Package===
 +
 +
    '''$ rpm -i pkgname.rpm''' - install rpm based package
 +
    '''$ rpm -e pkgname''' - remove package
 +
 +
    Install from source
 +
    $ ./configure
 +
    $ make
 +
    $ make install
 +
 +
    '''$ apt-get update''' - re-synchronize the package index files from their sources
 +
    '''$ apt-get upgrade''' - install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources
 +
    '''$ apt-get install package''' - install package
 +
    '''$ apt-get remove package''' - remove package
 +
    '''$ apt-cache search package''' - search for package
  
 
===Search===
 
===Search===
 +
 +
    '''$ grep pattern files''' - search for pattern in files
 +
    '''$ grep -r pattern dir''' - search recursively for pattern in dir
 +
    '''$ locate file''' - find all instances of file
 +
    '''$ find /home/tom -name 'index*'''' - find files names that start with "index"
 +
    '''$ find /home -size +10000k''' - find files larger than 10000k in /home
  
 
===Login (ssh and telnet)===
 
===Login (ssh and telnet)===
 +
 +
    '''$ ssh user@host''' - connect to host as user
 +
    '''$ ssh -p port user@host''' - connect to host using specific port
 +
    '''$ telnet host''' - connect to the system using telnet port
  
 
===File transfer===
 
===File transfer===
 +
 +
    scp
 +
    '''$ scp file.txt server2:/tmp'''  - secure copy file.txt to remote host /tmp folder
 +
    '''$ scp gordon@server2:/www/*.html /www/tmp''' - copy *.html files from remote host to current system /www/tmp folder
 +
    $ '''scp -r gordon@server2:/www /www/tmp''' - copy all files and folders recursively from remote server to the current system /www/tmp folder
 +
 +
    rsync
 +
    '''$ rsync -a /home/apps /backup/''' - synchronize source to destination
 +
    '''$ rsync -avz /home/apps gordon@192.168.10.1:/backup''' - synchronize files/directories between the local and remote system with compression enabled
  
 
===Disk Usage===
 
===Disk Usage===
 +
 +
    '''$ df –h''' - show free space on mounted filesystems
 +
    '''$ df -i''' - show free inodes on mounted filesystems
 +
    '''$ fdisk -l''' - show disks partitions sizes and types
 +
    '''$ du -ah''' - display disk usage in human readable form
 +
    '''$ findmnt''' - displays target mount point for all filesystem
 +
    '''$ mount device-path mount-point''' - mount a device
  
 
===Directory===
 
===Directory===
 +
 +
    '''$ cd .'''. - go up one level of the directory tree
 +
    '''$ cd''' - go to $HOME directory
 +
    '''$ cd /test''' - change to /test directory
  
 
===Keyboard shortcuts===
 
===Keyboard shortcuts===
  
     Alt+Ctrl+T - open Terminal Window
+
     '''Alt+Ctrl+T''' - open Terminal Window
 +
 
 +
    '''Alt+Ctrl+L''' - lock the screen
 +
    '''Alt+Ctrl+Del''' - logoff
 +
 
 +
    '''Alt+F4''' - close current window
 +
    '''Alt+F2''' - pop up command window (for quickly running commands)
 +
 
 +
    '''Super-W'''  - show all windows in the current workspace
 +
    '''Ctrl+Super+D''' - show desktop
 +
 
 +
    '''Ctrl+A''' - select all items on list or text
 +
    '''Ctrl+C''' - copy all selected items to clipboard
 +
    '''Ctrl+X''' - cut all selected items to clipboard
 +
    '''Ctrl+V''' or '''Mouse middle button click''' - paste all selected items to clipboard
  
     Alt+Ctrl+L - lock the screen
+
     '''PrintScr''' - takes screenshot
     Alt+Ctrl+Del - logoff
+
    '''Alt+PrintScr''' - takes screenshot of windows
 +
     '''Shift+PrintScr''' - takes screenshot of selected window area
  
    Alt+F4 - close current window
 
    Alt+F2 - pop up command window (for quickly running commands)
 
  
    Super-W  - show all windows in the current workspace
 
    Ctrl+Super+D - show desktop
 
  
    Ctrl+A - select all items on list or text
 
    Ctrl+C - copy all selected items to clipboard
 
    Ctrl+X - cut all selected items to clipboard
 
    Ctrl+V or Mouse middle button click - paste all selected items to clipboard
 
  
    PrintScr - takes screenshot
+
[[Category:Products]]
    Alt+PrintScr - takes screenshot of windows
 
    Shift+PrintScr - takes screenshot of selected window area
 

Latest revision as of 10:53, 31 March 2014

System Commands

   $ uname –a - display linux system information 
   $ uname –r - display kernel release information 
   $ uptime - show how long system running + load 
   $ hostname - show system host name 
   $ hostname -i - display the IP address of the host 
   $ last reboot - show system reboot history 
   $ date - show the current date and time 
   $ cal - show this month calendar 
   $ w - display who is online
   $ whoami - who you are logged in as 
   $ finger user - display information about user

Hardware related

   $ dmesg - detected hardware and boot messages 
   $ cat /proc/cpuinfo - CPU model 
   $ cat /proc/meminfo - hardware memory 
   $ cat /proc/interrupts - lists the number of interrupts per CPU per I/O device 
   $ lshw - displays information on hardware configuration of the system 
   $ lsblk - displays block device related information in Linux 
   $ free -m - used and free memory (-m for MB)
   $ lspci -tv - show PCI devices 
   $ lsusb -tv - show USB devices 
   $ lshal - show a list of all devices with their properties 
   $ dmidecode - show hardware info from the BIOS
   $ hdparm -i /dev/sda -show info about disk sda 
   $ hdparm -tT /dev/sda - do a read speed test on disk sda 
   $ badblocks -s /dev/sda - test for unreadable blocks on disk sda

Statistics and Analyze

   $ top - display and update the top cpu processes
   $ mpstat 1 - display processors related statistics 
   $ vmstat 2 - display virtual memory statistics 
   $ iostat 2 - display I/O statistics (2sec Intervals)
   $ tail -n 500 /var/log/syslog - last 10 kernel/syslog messages
   $ tcpdump -i eth1 - capture all packets flows on interface eth1 
   $ tcpdump -i eth0 'port 80' - monitor all traffic on port 80 ( HTTP ) 
   $ lsof - list all open files belonging to all active processes
   $ lsof -u testuser - list files opened by specific user 
   $ free –m - show amount of RAM 
   $ watch df –h - watch changeable data continuously

Users

   $ id - show the active user id with login and group
   $ last - show last logins on the system 
   $ who - show who is logged on the system
   $ groupadd admin - add group "admin" (force add existing group) 
   $ useradd -c "Joe Smith" -g admin -m joe - Create user "joe" and add to group "admin"
   $ userdel joe - delete user joe (force,file removal) 
   $ adduser joe - add user "joe" 
   $ usermod - modify user information

File Commands

   $ ls –al - display all information about files / directories
   $ ls -alR - display all information about files / directories recursively
   $ pwd - show current directory path
   $ mkdir directory-name - create a directory
   $ rm file-name - delete file
   $ rm -r directory-name - delete directory recursively 
   $ rm -f file-name - forcefully remove file 
   $ rm -rf directory-name - forcefully remove directory recursively 
   $ cp file1 file2 - copy file1 to file2 
   $ cp -r dir1 dir2 - copy dir1 to dir2, create dir2 if it doesn’t exist 
   $ mv file1 file2 - move files from one place to another
   $ ln –s /path/to/file-name link-name - create symbolic link to file-name
   $ touch file - create or update file 
   $ cat > file - place standard input into file
   $ more file - output the contents of file 
   $ head file - output the first 10 lines of file
   $ tail file - output the last 10 lines of file
   $ tail -f file - output the contents of file as it grows starting with the last 10 lines 
   $ gpg -c file - encrypt file
   $ gpg file.gpg - decrypt file

Process Related

   $ ps - display your currently active processes
   $ ps aux | grep 'telnet' - find all process id related to telnet process 
   $ pmap - memory map of process 
   $ top - display all running processes 
   $ kill pid - kill process with mentioned pid id
   $ killall proc - kill all processes named proc 
   $ pkill processname - send signal to a process with its name 
   $ bg - resumes suspended jobs without bringing them to foreground 
   $ fg - brings the most recent job to foreground 
   $ fg n - brings job n to the foreground

File Permission Related

   $ chmod octal file-name - change the permissions of file to octal , which can be found separately for user, group and world; octal value 4 -read 2 –write 1 –execute
   $ chown owner-user file - change owner of the file 
   $ chown owner-user:owner-group file-name - change owner and group owner of the file 
   $ chown owner-user:owner-group directory - change owner and group owner of the directory

Network

   $ ifconfig –a - display all network ports and ip address
   $ ifconfig eth1 mtu 9000 up - set mtu to 9000
   $ ifconfig eth0 - display specific ethernet port ip address and details 
   $ ifconfig -a | grep HWaddr - display MAC address
   change MAC address:
   # ifconfig eth0 down
   # ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:80:48:BA:d1:30
   # ifconfig eth0 up
   $ ip addr show - display all network interfaces and ip address (available in iproute2 package,powerful than ifconfig) 
   $ ip address add 192.168.0.1 dev eth0 - set ip address 
   $ ethtool eth0 - linux tool to show ethernet status (set full duplex , pause parameter) 
   $ mii-tool eth0 - linux tool to show ethernet status (more or like ethtool) 
   $ ping host - send echo request to test connection (learn sing enhanced ping tool)
   $ whois domain - get who is information for domain 
   $ dig domain - get DNS information for domain (screenshots with other available parameters) 
   $ dig -x host - reverse lookup host 
   $ host google.com - lookup DNS ip address for the name
   $ hostname –i - lookup local ip address (set hostname too) 
   $ wget file - download file (very useful other option) 
   $ netstat -tupl - listing all active listening ports(tcp,udp,pid) 
   WiFi related:
   $ iwconfig wlan0 essid "mynetworkESSID" - specify ESSID for the WLAN
   $ dhclient wlan0 - to receive an IP address, netmask, DNS server and default gateway from the Access Point
   $ iwconfig wlan0 mode managed key [WEP key] - 128 bit WEP use 26 hex characters, 64 bit WEP uses 10
   $ iwconfig wlan0 mode master - set the card to act as an access point mode
   $ iwconfig wlan0 mode managed - set card to client mode on a network with an access point
   $ iwconfig wlan0 mode ad-hoc - set card to peer to peer networking or no access point mode
   $ iwconfig wlan0 mode monitor - set card to RFMON mode
   $ iwconfig wlan0 essid any - with some cards you may  disable the ESSID checking
   $ iwconfig wlan0 key 1111-1111-1111-1111 - set 128 bit WEP key
   $ iwconfig wlan0 key off - disable WEP key
   $ iwconfig wlan0 key open - sets open mode, no authentication is used and card may accept non-encrypted sessions
   $ iwlist wlan0 scan - give the list of Access Points and Ad-Hoc cells in range (ESSID, Quality, Frequency, Mode etc.)
   $ iwlist wlan0 power - list the various Power Management attributes and modes of the device
   $ iwlist wlan0 txpower - list the various Transmit Power available on the device
   $ iwlist wlan0 retry - list the transmit retry limits and retry lifetime on the device

Compression / Archives

   $ tar cf test.tar test - create tar named test.tar containing test/ 
   $ tar xf test.tar - extract the files from test.tar 
   $ tar czf test.tar.gz test - create a tar with gzip compression 
   $ gzip test - compress file and renames it to test.gz

Install Package

   $ rpm -i pkgname.rpm - install rpm based package
   $ rpm -e pkgname - remove package 
   Install from source 
   $ ./configure 
   $ make 
   $ make install
   $ apt-get update - re-synchronize the package index files from their sources
   $ apt-get upgrade - install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources
   $ apt-get install package - install package
   $ apt-get remove package - remove package
   $ apt-cache search package - search for package

Search

   $ grep pattern files - search for pattern in files 
   $ grep -r pattern dir - search recursively for pattern in dir 
   $ locate file - find all instances of file 
   $ find /home/tom -name 'index*' - find files names that start with "index"
   $ find /home -size +10000k - find files larger than 10000k in /home

Login (ssh and telnet)

   $ ssh user@host - connect to host as user 
   $ ssh -p port user@host - connect to host using specific port 
   $ telnet host - connect to the system using telnet port

File transfer

   scp
   $ scp file.txt server2:/tmp  - secure copy file.txt to remote host /tmp folder
   $ scp gordon@server2:/www/*.html /www/tmp - copy *.html files from remote host to current system /www/tmp folder 
   $ scp -r gordon@server2:/www /www/tmp - copy all files and folders recursively from remote server to the current system /www/tmp folder 
   rsync 
   $ rsync -a /home/apps /backup/ - synchronize source to destination 
   $ rsync -avz /home/apps gordon@192.168.10.1:/backup - synchronize files/directories between the local and remote system with compression enabled

Disk Usage

   $ df –h - show free space on mounted filesystems
   $ df -i - show free inodes on mounted filesystems 
   $ fdisk -l - show disks partitions sizes and types 
   $ du -ah - display disk usage in human readable form
   $ findmnt - displays target mount point for all filesystem
   $ mount device-path mount-point - mount a device

Directory

   $ cd .. - go up one level of the directory tree
   $ cd - go to $HOME directory 
   $ cd /test - change to /test directory

Keyboard shortcuts

   Alt+Ctrl+T - open Terminal Window
   Alt+Ctrl+L - lock the screen
   Alt+Ctrl+Del - logoff
   Alt+F4 - close current window
   Alt+F2 - pop up command window (for quickly running commands)
   Super-W  - show all windows in the current workspace
   Ctrl+Super+D - show desktop
   Ctrl+A - select all items on list or text
   Ctrl+C - copy all selected items to clipboard
   Ctrl+X - cut all selected items to clipboard
   Ctrl+V or Mouse middle button click - paste all selected items to clipboard
   PrintScr - takes screenshot
   Alt+PrintScr - takes screenshot of windows
   Shift+PrintScr - takes screenshot of selected window area